Neoantigen-driven cancer vaccines: Revolutionizing precision oncology through personalized immunotherapy

Victor Chinedu Nzereogu 1, *, Christopher Chukwujindu Opoh 2, Tobi John Oluwayemi 3, Muhammad Ipoola Adeyemi 4, Mmesoma Vanessa Anakor 5, Mercy Ebruvwiyo Umufo 6 and Safiyyah Temitope Ismaeel 7

1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
2 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
3 Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway.
5 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
6 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Nigeria.
7 Department of Pharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
 
Review
International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, 2025, 10(01), 106-120.
Article DOI: 10.53771/ijbpsa.2025.10.1.0063
Publication history: 
Received on 22 June 2025; revised on 30 July 2025; accepted on 02 August 2025
 
Abstract: 
Neoantigen-driven cancer vaccines have emerged as a transformative approach in precision oncology, harnessing tumor-specific mutations to elicit robust, tailored immune responses. This review focuses on neoantigen identification, vaccine platforms, clinical applications, and challenges. Leveraging next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics, vaccines target neoantigens in cancers like melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). mRNA platforms and peptide-based vaccines have shown promising clinical outcomes, particularly when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Challenges include prediction accuracy, production scalability, and tumor microenvironment immunosuppression. Future directions involve AI-driven tools, novel delivery systems, and cost-reduction strategies to enhance accessibility.
 
Keywords: 
Neoantigen; Cancer Vaccines; Personalized Immunotherapy; Precision Oncology; mRNA Technology; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
 
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Copyright information: 
Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0