Description of the Clausiidae family

Rearing records suggest that most temperate species can be found in a number of different deciduous trees, but some Clusiidae have also been found in conifers, and larvae of Sobarocephala have been found in termite colonies, as well as decaying wood, found the larvae evidently associated with the burrows of coleopterous insects and to be relatively sluggish and slow moving. Clusiidae larvae are probably at least facultatively predaceous on larvae of other wood-boring insects. The objective of the manuscript was to describe the territorial behavior of the males and also the biological Clusiidae. This work consists of bibliographical research of scientific articles published in national and international academic scientific journals classified by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). Document analysis was used as a data collection method to gather information on theoretical books, theses banks, university dissertations, documents and digital platforms websites such as HAL, SSRN and ResearchGate.


Introduction
Among the families of Diptera Schizophora, Clusiidae is part of the Acalyptratae, having been included in the Opomyzoidea.It is the most generalized family of this superfamily, especially with respect to the shape and arrangement of the bristles on the head, the structure of the antenna, wing spotting and venation, and some features of the terminalia males and females in general, their is wide acceptance of the family's monophyly (Figures 1-2) [1,2,3] The combinations of diagnostic characters that identify the family are an angled extension on the outer margin of the pedicel; dorsoapical arista (dorsobasal in similar families); a pair of vibrissae; post-ocellar bristles originating in the samelocal (more clearly separated in some representatives, absent in others); setous prosternum; complete subcosta; a subcostal break; from two to five frontoorbital bristles, the anterior bristle sometimes inclined and, if there are four or five frontoorbital bristles, the third is usually inclined and proclaimed; convergent inter-frontal bristles sometimes present; ocellar and post-vertical bristles divergent, usually small or absent (Figures 3-5) [4,5,6].(male) 13 head, lateral view 14 wing 15 epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, posterior view 16 epandrium, cerci, and surstyli, lateral view 17 hypandrial complex, posterior view 18 hypandrial complex, lateral view

Bioecology
Clusiidae are usually found in damp, shady places, in woods, burrows and galleries built by other insects, under tree bark, among rotten fibers, in disintegrated tree trunks, but mainly near fallen trees.Most species are phytophagous, and some feed on the nectar, sap, or feces of some birds.Selection of Clusiidae oviposition sites does not appear to be associated with any particular species of tree but is limited by "humidity, amount of shade, stage of wood decay, [and the] presence of mycelia of certain fungi" (Figure 6) [7,8,9].
Source: Source: https://cjai.biologicalsurvey.ca/articles/lcm-14/ ).Both ends are tapered (most pronounced anteriorly) and the micropyle is small and terminal.The surface of the egg is usually minutely tuberculate with (usually) no more than a dozen longitudinal wrinkles, but there are numerous departures from this generalized state Rearing records suggest that most temperate species can be found in a number of different deciduous trees, but some Clusiidae have also been found in conifers, and larvae of Sobarocephala have been found in termite colonies, as well as decaying wood, found the larvae evidently associated with the burrows of coleopterous insects and to be relatively sluggish and slow moving.Clusiidae larvae are probably at least facultatively predaceous on larvae of other wood-boring insects (Figures 7-8) [7,8,9].
Source: https://cjai.biologicalsurvey.ca/articles/lcm-14/The monophyly of Diptera is generally accepted and exceedingly well supported, but there is still no consensus as to the resolution of this major insect group in higher-level monophyletic units.Indeed, there are several very species-rich dipterous taxa which represent wellcorroborated monophyla: Brachycera, Muscomorpha and Schizophora.The phylogenetic relationships of these groups are presented here by considering the Diptera tree on a base-to-top approach Clusiidae is composed of 22 genera and approximately 442 species, with distribution in all parts of the world, except in the African continent; in the Neotropical region, there are 10 described genera, with 363 species [9].
The family classification was revised, redefining the subfamilies, based mainly on male and female terminalia characters.Three subfamilies are now recognized within Clusiidae: Clusiinae, Clusiodinae and Sobarocephalinae all of which have representatives in the Neotropics [10].
The phylogenic relationships between these two suborders are still controversial, although Nematocera is suspected to be paraphyletic.The suborder Brachycera consists of the infraorder Muscomorpha which encompasses species with larval forms commonly referred to as maggots.These larval forms are dominantly saprophagous and are morphologically soft-bodied with mouthparts modified into sclerotized hooks for feeding into host substrates.In almost all cyclorraphan flies, pupation is internal, occurring within the puparium during the final larval instar stage [10,11,12].

Objective
The objective of the manuscript was to describe the territorial behavior of the males and also the biological and taxonomic behavior of the males of the Family Clusiidae.

Methods
This work consists of bibliographical research of scientific articles published in national and international academic scientific journals classified by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).Document analysis was used as a data collection method to gather information on theoretical books, theses banks, university dissertations, documents and digital platforms websites such as HAL, SSRN and ResearchGate.

Study 1
Clusiidae is a family of acalyptrate flies with worldwide distribution, they are small (between 3 and 6 mm), thin, yellow, or dark brown, and the wing is partially infuscated or hyaline.The second segment of the antennae has a triangular projection over the third segment when viewed from the outside, and the wing is usually partially infuscated.They have a cylindrical body, and round head, the vertical plate reaches the anterior margin of the fronds and the vibrissae on the head are large.
Adults of this family are rarely collected in grasslands, they are regularly collected in malaise and some are common on certain substrates and in certain microhabitats.Neotropical Clusiidae frequently occurs in mossy, moist habitats, and many species are attracted to mammalian dung deposits.Elsewhere, suspects are known to feed on nectar, rotting vegetation, and sap (Figure 10).

Study 2
In order to increase the dipterological knowledge of Portugal, the results obtained after the identification of new material from that country are presented here.The material, which consists of only 70 specimens, belongs to three families (Clusiidae, Lauxaniidae and Psilidae), the second being the most abundant family.A new specie for Portugal.

Conclusion
Males establish dominance at a lek site, defending mating territories from other males.True lek king behavior has only been seen in the subfamily Clusiodinae so far suggesting that similar male agonistic behavior is more widespread in the family.The monophyly of Diptera is generally accepted and exceedingly well supported, but there is still no consensus as to the resolution of this major insect group in higher-level monophyletic units.Indeed, there are several very speciesrich dipterous taxa that represent well-corroborated monophyla: Brachycera, Muscomorpha and Schizophora.

Figure 6
Figure 6 Heteromeringia spp.Eggs are translucent, usually three to four times longer than wide, and approximately as long as sternite 6 of the female (Lonsdale & Marshall, in press).Both ends are tapered (most pronounced anteriorly) and the micropyle is small and terminal.The surface of the egg is usually minutely tuberculate with (usually) no more than a dozen longitudinal wrinkles, but there are numerous departures from this generalized state

Figure 7
Figure 7 Immature stages clockwise from left: egg, Clusiodes pictipes (Zetterstedt, 1855); puparium (posterior face), Clusiodes johnsoni Malloch, 1922; puparium (posterior face), Clusiodes melanostomus (Loew, 1964); puparium (posterior face), Clusia occidentalis Malloch, 1916; puparium (dorsal -posterior third), C. occidentalis and C. johnsoniSpecies have been swept from grass or collected from foliage, logs and dead patches on tree trunks.North American adults appear to prefer mixed and deciduous forests sometimes associated with grass-dominated areas.Tropical species have often been collected along waterways in mossy, humid habitats.Species of Heteromeringia seem to prefer more open forests and have been found in treefalls.Clusiidae have been known to feed on nectar, rotting vegetative matter, sap, and the dung of birds and mammals.

Figure 8 Figure 9
Figure 8Males establish dominance at a lek site, defending mating territories from other males.True lek king behavior has only been seen in the subfamily Clusiodinae so far suggests that similar male agonistic behavior is more widespread in the family1.3.Taxonomy

Figure 10
Figure 10 Malaise trap Thus, a study of the fauna of Diptera was executed with emphasis on the suborder Brachycera in a forest fragment of the Batalhão de Infantaria de Selva.The collections were done using two Malaise traps and two hanging fly traps in September and October 2017, and February and March 2018, one week in each month.After collection, all the material was identified to the family taxonomic level and then families were analyzed in abundance, the number of individuals.

Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20
Figure 18 Sobarocephala sp.Distribution: Nicaragua (New Segovia, Carazo).Collected on: Rutaceae: Citrus.Clusia flava (Meigen, 1830)Is a tv-vinegar described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1830.Clusia flava is included in the genus Clusia and the family Clusiidae.The species is breeding in Sweden.No subspecies is listed in the catalog of life (Figure19)[15,16].